Kamusi la nishati hai/P - S

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PACKED COLUMN

(alc). A type of STILL COLUMN or pipe that is used in ALCOHOL DISTILLATION. It is filled with such material as metal filings, plastic, or glass beads. Packed columns increase ALCOHOL yields by providing continuous redistillation of the ALCOHOL VAPOR as it moves up the still column.

F - colonne garnie

S - columna compacta

PANEMONE

(wind). A VERTICAL-AXIS WIND MACHINE, generally a DRAG-TYPE WIND MACHINE, that can react to winds from any direction.

F - panemone

S - molino de eje vertical

PARABOLA

(sol). The geometrically-curved shape used in the design of SOLAR COOKERS to focus sunlight on a single point. A parabola is based on a family of quadratic curves.

F - parabole

S - parabola

PARABOLIC CONCENTRATING COOKER

(sol). A SOLAR COOKER that uses a PARABOLIC DISH to focus sunlight.

F - cuiseur solaire a miroir concave

S - cocina parabolica concentrante

PARABOLIC DISH

(sol). A SOLAR ENERGY device shaped like a dish or bowl, with the characteristics of a PARABOLA. It focuses sunlight on a point or a very small area.

F - parabolique solaire

S - plato parabolico

PARABOLIC MIRROR

(sol). A device with a large, shiny, curved surface that focuses SOLAR RADIATION on a specific point, such as a cooking vessel, for heating or boiling.

F - miroir parabolique

S - espejo parabolico

S LAW

(gen). The law stating that pressure applied to a confined FLUID at any point is transmitted throughout the fluid in all directions. The pressure acts upon every part of the confining vessel at right angles to its interior surfaces, acting equally upon equal areas.

F - loi de Pascal

S - ley de Pascal

' PASSIVE SOLAR DESIGN

(sol). An architectural design that makes use of the structural elements of a building to heat or cool spaces in the building.

F - systeme solaire passif

S - diseno solar pasivo

PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING

(sol). The SOLAR HEATING of a building by use of architectural design, without the aid of mechanical equipment.

F - chauffage solaire passif

S - calefaccion solar pasiva

PATENT SAIL

(wind) (arc). A SAIL fitted with SHUTTERS that are controlled automatically.

F - aile a volets

S - aspa patente

PATHOGENIC ORGANISM

(bio). (See: PATHOGENS)

F - organisme pathogene

S - organismos patogenicos

PATHOGENS

(bio). Harmful micro-organisms, such as BACTERIA and viruses. Pathogens may be found in human, animal, and other wastes, and help spread disease.

F - microbes pathogenes

S - patogenos

PEAK WATT

(sol) (meas) (elec). Unit used for the performance rating of PHOTOVOLTAIC CONVERTERS. A system rated at one peak watt will deliver one WATT at the specified working voltage under peak SOLAR IRRADIATION.

F - watt-crete

S - vatio maximo

PEAT

(bio) (biocon). Partially decomposed ORGANIC MATTER formed in marshes and swamps. Dried peat is useful as a fuel.

F - tourbe

S - turba

PEBBLE BED

(sol). A large bin of uniformly-sized pebbles that is used to store heat in SOLAR HEATING or SOLAR COOLING systems. A pebble bed is one type of HEAT SINK.

F - lit de galets

S - lecho de gravilla

PEDAL POWER

(gen). Mechanical or electrical POWER generated by the use of a bicycle-gearing apparatus. Pedal power may be used for buffing, lathing, grinding grain or meat, operating a potter's wheel, driving a small GENERATOR, turning a sharpening stone, operating a corn sheller, and other applications.

F - energie par pedalier

S - potencia generada por pedal

PEDAL-POWER UNIT

(impl). (See: PEDAL POWER; DYNAPOD)

F - appareil a entrainement par pedales

S - unidad de potencia-pedal

PELTON WHEEL

(hydr). An IMPULSE WATER TURBINE in which the pressure of the water supply is concentrated through a few stationary nozzles. The JETS of water strike the BUCKETS, which are mounted on the RUNNER. Pelton wheels usually are limited to installations with HEADS that exceed 500 feet, or about 160 meters. (Syn: Pelton turbine)

F - roue Pelton

S - rueda Pelton

PENSTOCK

(hydr). A water conduit from a DAM to a TURBINE or WATER WHEEL. (See also: CHANNEL)

F - conduite forcee

S - paradera de caz

pH

(chem) (meas). Potential hydrogen. The symbol that denotes a measurement of the effective hydrogen ion CONCENTRATION. On a scale of 0 to 14, 7 represents neutrality. Numbers less then 7 indicate increasing ACIDITY. Numbers greater than 7 indicate increasing ALKALINITY of a solution.

F - pH

S - pH

PHOTOMETER

(sol) (meas). A device that measures the intensity of light.

F - photometre

S - fotometro

PHOTOVOLTAIC ARRAY

(sol). A number of PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULES that are electrically connected in a series and/or in parallel so as to provide the desired POWER and voltage. The modules are mounted on a sturdy framework that generally faces the equator. The array may be tailored to the requirements of a particular application and location. Such an array is valuable because it can generate electricity from sunlight without the use of moving mechanical parts.

F - chapelet de photopiles

S - conjunto fotovoltaico

PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL

(sol). A SOLAR ENERGY device that changes light into electrical ENERGY. The cell is a small square or circular wafer made of treated SILICON or other semiconductor material.

F - cellule photovoltaique

S - celula fotovoltaica

PHOTOVOLTAIC CONVERTER

(sol). (See: PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL)

F - convertisseur photovoltaique

S - convertidor fotovoltaico

PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULE

(sol). The basic building block of a PHOTOVOLTAIC ARRAY, which consists of a number of interconnected SOLAR CELLS.

F - module photovoltaique

S - modulo fotovoltaico

PHOTOVOLTAIC PANEL

(sol). (Syn: PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULE)

F - panneau photovoltaique

S - panel fotovoltaico

PHOTOVOLTAIC PROCESS

(sol). A process by which light rays are converted directly into electrical ENERGY.

F - conversion photovoltaique

S - proceso fotovoltaico

PITCH

(wind) (meas). The angle between the BLADE surface and the ANGLE OF ATTACK in a WINDMILL.

F - pas

S - paso

PITCH-BACK WATER WHEEL

(hydr). An OVERSHOT WATER WHEEL in which the trough carrying water to the wheel is modified to discharge onto the near side of the wheel, thus reversing the normal direction of rotation.

F - roue hydraulique a jet inverse

S - rueda hidraulica de engranaje

PIT KILN

(heat). A KILN made from a hole that is dug in the ground.

F - four en terre

S - horno de foso

PLUG FLOW GENERATOR

(biocon) (impl). A BIOGAS DIGESTER with no mechanical agitation through which the SLURRY passes along in more or less discrete "plugs," creating a cycle of "first in-first out." The EFFLUENT is then theoretically composed only of older slurry. The plug flow design differs from traditional designs, in which all slurry is purposely mixed together in a single pit or tank.

F - generateur a effet bouchon

S - generador de flujo

POLL ENDS

(arc) (wind). (See: CANISTER)

F - bouts de mats

S - puntas

POLYSACCHARIDE

(chem). (See: STARCH)

F - polysaccharide

S - polisacarido

POLYURETHANE FOAM

(constr). A very lightweight plastic or other synthetic insulating material.

F - mousse de polyurethanne

S - espuma de poliuretano

POLYVINYL ACETATE

(chem) (sol). A clear plastic made of CELLULOSE ACETATE and used as GLAZING on SOLAR COLLECTORS.

F - acetate de polyvinyle

S - acetato de polivinilo

PONCELET WHEEL

(hydr). An UNDERSHOT WATER WHEEL made with curved metal BLADES.

F - roue Poncelet

S - rueda hidraulica Poncelet

POST MILL

(wind) (arc). This is the earliest type of European WINDMILL. The body of the windmill is balanced on a large post and trestle. The entire body revolves to turn the BLADES into the wind.

F - moulin pivot

S - molino de poste

POTENTIAL HYDROGEN

(chem) (meas). (See: pH)

F - potentiel d'hydrogene

S - potencial de hidrogeno

POUNDS PER SQUARE INCH

(meas). A measurement of gas pressure. Commonly abbreviated as psi.

F - livres par pouce carre

S - libras/[pulgada.sup.2]

POWER

(gen). The rate at which ENERGY is consumed or produced.

F - puissance

S - potencia

POWER COEFFICIENT

(wind) (meas). The ratio of the POWER extracted by a WIND MACHINE ROTOR to the power available in a wind stream.

F - coefficient de puissance

S - coeficiente de potencia

POWER DENSITY

(wind) (meas). The amount of POWER per unit of a cross-sectional area of a wind stream.

F - puissance volumique

S - densidad de potencia

PRECULTURE

(alc). A method for reducing the time and increasing the EFFICIENCY of FERMENTATION. The preculture process involves CONCENTRATING the ALCOHOL-producing YEAST before introducing it into the FERMENTATION TANK.

F - preculture

S - precultivo

PREPARED ORGANIC WASTE

(biocon). BIOMASS mixed with water for use in a BIOGAS DIGESTER. (Syn: SLURRY)

F - dechets organiques prepares

S - desperdicio organico preparado

PREVAILING WIND

(wind). The direction from which the wind blows most often. This is an important consideration in selecting a site for a WINDMILL.

F - vent dominant

S - viento dominante

PRODUCER GAS

(prod). A combination of COMBUSTIBLE GASES created through the combustion of wood or coal in a controlled-air environment. Producer gas may be used to drive gasoline or diesel engines.

F - gaz de gazogene

S - gas pobre

PRODUCER GAS GENERATOR

(gen). A furnace in which COMBUSTIBLE GASES are produced for use as a fuel.

F - gazogene

S - generador de gas pobre

PROOF

(alc) (meas). A unit measurement of the strength of ALCOHOL. The proof is twice the percentage of the alcohol in the liquid. Alcohol that is 90 proof contains 45 percent alcohol. (See also: PROOF-GALLON)

F - degre en alcool

S - graduacion normal

PROOF-GALLON

(alc) (meas). A standard U.S. gallon of a mixture that is 50 percent ALCOHOL and 50 percent water (i.e., that is 100 proof). An alcohol/water mixture that contains a different ratio of each may be translated into proof-gallons by moving the decimal point of the proof two places to the left and multiplying by the total number of gallons of the mixture.

F - proof-gallon

S - proof-gallon

PSI

(meas). Abbreviation for POUNDS PER SQUARE INCH.

F - psi

S - lb/[pulg.sup.2]

PYRANOMETER

(meas) (sol). A device that measures total GLOBAL RADIATION.

F - pyranometre

S - piranometro

PYROHELIOMETER

(meas) (sol). An instrument that measures SOLAR RADIATION from the sun, or from a small portion of the sky that surrounds the sun.

F - pyroheliometre

S - piroheliometro

PYROLYSIS

(chem). The DECOMPOSITION of a substance subjected to very high heat.

F - pyrolyse

S - pirolisis

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QUAD

(meas). One quadrillion BTUs. It is expressed as either [10.sup.15] or 1,000,000,000,000,000 BTus. A quad is used to measure any large unit of energy such as wood, gasoline, coal, etc. For example, a quad can be used to describe the amount of THERMAL ENERGY that is potentially available from burning a certain acreage of trees in WOODSTOVES.

F - quad

S - cuad

QUARTERING

(wind). The action of turning a WINDMILL broadside to the WIND.

F - larguage

S - venteo

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RACE

(hydr). An AQUEDUCT or CHANNEL that carries water to and from the place where it is used to drive a HYDROPOWER device.

F - chenal

S - canal de trabajo

RADIAL FLOW

(hydr). A type of HYDROPOWER device in which the water flows out radially from the power shaft. (See also: FRANCIS TURBINE)

F - ecoulement radial

S - flujo radial

RADIANT ENERGY

(sol). ENERGY in the form of electromagnetic waves that travels outward in all directions from its source.

F - energie rayonnante

S - energia radiante

RADIANT PANELS

(sol). SOLAR COLLECTORS with integral passages for the FLOW of HEAT TRANSFER FLUID. Heat from the fluid is conducted into a room or building by THERMAL RADIATION.

F - panneaux rayonnants

S - paneles radiantes

RADIATION

(sol). Electromagnetic waves that directly transport ENERGY through space. Sunlight is a form of radiation.

F - rayonnement

S - radiacion

RATED POWER CAPACITY

(wind) (meas). The expected POWER output of a WIND MACHINE. It is equal to either the maximum power of the machine or to an output at some WIND SPEED less than the maximum speed, but at which GOVERNING controls start to reduce the power.

F - puissance nominale

S - capacidad de potencia tasada

RATED WIND SPEED

(meas) (wind). The WIND SPEED at which a WIND MACHINE delivers its RATED POWER CAPACITY.

F - vitesse nominale du vent

S - velocidad eolica tasada

RATE LIMITING STEP

(biocon). Whichever stage in the ANAERIOBIC process that is slowest. Since each step in the digestion process requires the preceeding one to be completed before it can begin, the overall gas production rate is limited by the slowest step.

F - stage limitant la cadence

S - etapa de velocidad limitadora

RAW SLUDGE

(biocon). Fresh, undried, uncomposted EFFLUENT from a DIGESTER. Also residue in the same condition from the bottom of a digester.

F - boues brutes

S - cienos sin tratar

RAYLEIGH DISTRIBUTION

(wind). Standard WIND SPEED DISTRIBUTION that is useful in wind site analysis. It is a probability density function that allows one to model the wind speed distribution based on a single input parameter. (See also: WEIBULL DISTRIBUTION)

F - distribution de Rayleigh

S - distribucion de Rayleigh

REACTION TURBINE

(hydr). A WATER TURBINE that uses the mass or weight of water hitting the RUNNER as opposed to being driven by the velocity of the water.

F - turbine a reaction

S - turbina a reaccion

REACTION WATER WHEEL

(hydr). A WATER WHEEL that uses the mass or weight of water falling onto it rather than the FLOW.

F - roue hydraulique a reaction

S - rueda hidraulica reactiva

RECIPROCATING ENGINE

(hydr). A device that converts the potential ENERGY in a FLUID to mechanical energy by expanding the FLUID against a piston.

F - moteur a pistons

S - maquina alternativa

RECIPROCATING PUMP

(wind). A type of water pump commonly used with WINDMILLS. Motion and pressure are applied to the water by a piston moving up and down in a CYLINDER. The piston is powered by the WINDMILL.

F - pompe alternative

S - bomba aspirante e impelente

RECLAIMED OIL

(heat). (See: USED OIL)

F - huile de recuperation

S - aceite recuperado

RECOVERED ENERGY

(gen). Heat or other ENERGY that normally would be lost during a process, but instead is captured and reused. For example, FLUE gases may be used for drying purposes.

F - energie recuperee

S - energia recobrada

RECTIFIER]] [1]

(alc) (impl). A second column on an ALCOHOL STILL that is used to further remove water from the ALCOHOL VAPOR, thus increasing the PROOF of the alcohol. This increase in CONCENTRATION is achieved by the repeated interaction of the rising vapor with the liquid DISTILLATE. [2] (elec). A device that converts ALTERNATING CURRENT (ac) into DIRECT CURRENT (dc).

F - [1] colonne de rectification; [2] redresseur

S - [1] rectificadora; [2] rectificador

RECTIFYING COLUMN

(alc) (impl). [See: RECTIFIER (alc)]

F - colonne de rectification

S - columna de rectificar

REDUCING SUGAR

(alc). (See: MONOSACCHARIDE)

F - sucre reducteur

S - azucar reductora

REEFING

(wind). Rolling and tying down a portion of a WINDMILL SAIL to reduce the area exposed to the wind.

F - prendre les ris

S - recoger las velas

REFLECTANCE

(sol). The ratio of RADIATION reflected from a surface to that incident on the surface. [See also: REFLECTIVITY (2)].

F - facteur de reflexion

S - reflectancia

REFLECTED RADIATION

(sol). SOLAR RADIATION that has been reflected from such surfaces as the ground or buildings, and which ultimately becomes INCIDENT RADIATION.

F - rayonnement reflechi

S - radiacion reflejada

REFLECTIVITY

(sol) (meas). [1] The ability to reflect SOLAR RADIATION, which is possessed to some degree by all materials. It is called the ALBEDO in atmospheric references. [2] The ratio of RADIANT ENERGY reflected by a body to that falling upon it.

F - pouvoir reflecteur

S - reflectividad

REFLECTOMETER

(sol) (meas). A PHOTOMETER or other electronic device that measures REFLECTANCE or RADIANT ENERGY.

F - reflectometre

S - reflectometro

REFLECTOR

(sol). A device that can be used to reflect and focus SOLAR RADIATION.

F - reflecteur

S - reflector

REFLECTOR BACKING

(sol). The material used on the rear part of a SOLAR REFLECTOR. (See also: MASONITE)

F - renfort de reflecteur

S - revestimiento reflector

REFLECTOR COOKER

(sol). (See: REFLECTOR-TYPE SOLAR COOKER)

F - cuiseur a reflecteur

S - hornillo reflector

REFLECTOR-TYPE SOLAR COOKER

(sol). A SOLAR COOKER in which a REFLECTOR concentrates the sun's rays on a cooking device.

F - cuiseur solaire a reflecteur

S - hornillo solar reflector

REFLUX

(alc). Liquid ALCOHOL that is condensed in a DISTILLATION COLUMN, and then reintroduced into the column to increase its CONCENTRATION.

F - reflux

S - reflujo

REFRIGERANT

(refrig). A VOLATILE substance that can be used as a working FLUID in a cooling system.

F - refrigerant

S - refrigerante

REFRIGERATION

(refrig). The act or process of making or keeping something cool or cold. It especially applies to the use of artificial means for cooling.

F - refrigeration

S - refrigeracion

RENEWABLE ENERGY

(gen). ENERGY produced from regenerative or virtually inexhaustible resources such as BIOMASS, SOLAR RADIATION, the wind, water, or heat from the Earth's interior.

F - energie renouvelable

S - energia renovable

RENEWABLE RESOURCES

(gen). (See: RENEWABLE ENERGY)

F - ressources renouvelables

S - recursos renovables

RESISTANCE VALUE

(constr) (meas). A rating of a substance's thermal resistance to summer HEAT GAIN or winter heat loss. It is used as a measure of insulation efficiency. (Syn: R-VALUE) (See also: U-VALUE)

F - resistance thermique

S - valor de resistencia

RETORT

(alc) (gen). [1] A vessel in which substances are subjected to heat for the purpose of DISTILLATION or DECOMPOSITION. A retort is distinguished from a STILL in that it is more often used for the treatment of solid or semisolid substances. [2] A closed container used in CHARCOAL production in which COMBUSTIBLE GASES are captured and made into liquids, generally through CONDENSATION.

F - cornue

S - retorta

RETROFITTING

(sol). The installation of SOLAR HEATING or SOLAR COOLING systems in existing structures.

F - readaptation

S - modificacion retroactiva

RETURN TIME

(wind) (meas). The length of time during which low winds prevent a WINDMILL from reaching its CUT-IN SPEED or START-UP SPEED. The "down time" or time period when the wind is too low to enable a WINDMILL to reach its cut-in speed or start-up speed.

F - temps mort

S - tiempo de restablecimiento

NUMBER

(meas) (sol) (wind). The ratio of material forces to VISCOUS forces in any FLUID FLOW. The Reynolds' number is determined through the following equation: (PVD)/U where:

P (rho) = density

V = velocity

D = length of flow distance

U (mu) = viscosity.

F - nombre de Reynolds

S - numero de Reynolds

RICE HUSK STOVE

(biocon). A stove designed to use rice husks as its primary fuel.

F - poele a paille de riz

S - estufa de cascaras de arroz

RIGGING

(wind) (impl). Collectively, all the ropes and cords used to support the mast of the WINDMILL, and to FURL or unfurl the SAILS.

F - haubanage

S - cordaje

RIPARIAN RIGHTS

(hydr). The right of a landowner to the water on or bordering his or her property, including the right to prevent diversion or misuse of upstream water.

F - droits de riverainete

S - derechos riberenos

RISER

(alc). A tube that penetrates a plate in a STILL COLUMN, allowing ALCOHOL VAPORS to move up the column. A perforated cap or cup is placed on top of each riser to distribute the vapor into the column section and to prevent water from dripping into the riser.

F - colonne montante

S - tubo de subida

RIVER GENERATOR

(elec) (hydr). A HYDROELECTRIC GENERATOR that gets its power from a river or other FLOWING water.

F - generateur riverain

S - generador fluvial

ROCKBED

(sol). A heat storage container filled with rocks or pebbles that is used in SOLAR HEATING and SOLAR COOLING systems.

F - lit de pierres

S - fondo de roca

ROCKBED COOLING SYSTEM

(sol). A passive air-conditioning system that circulates a building's air through a bed of rocks that has cooled during the night or early morning.

F - refroidissement par lit de pierres, systeme de

S - sistema de enfriamiento con lecho de roca

ROCKER ARM

(wind) (impl). A support mechanism that rotates on a shaft at one end while moving up and down at the other. It is used to convert the rotating motion of a WINDMILL to an up-and-down motion, usually for pumping.

F - culbuteur

S - balancin

ROLLER REEFING SAIL

(wind) (arc). A ROTOR BLADE that is fitted with canvas strips (SAILS) wound on ROLLERS. The rollers are used for REEFING the sails.

F - aile a rouleaux de prise de ris

S - aspa con rodillos

ROLLERS

(wind) (arc). BEARINGS between the CURB and the CAP of a TOWER MILL or SMOCK MILL. The rollers allow the top of the MILL to turn into the wind.

F - rouleaux

S - rodillos

ROTOR

(wind). The assembly of SAILS or BLADES that rotate about an AXIS created by the WIND SHAFT of a WINDMILL.

F - rotor

S - rotor

ROTOR SHAFT

(wind). (See: WIND SHAFT)

F - arbre de rotor

S - eje del rotor

RUNG

(hydr) (wind). [1] The BLADES of a WATER WHEEL. [2] The transverse iron rods that hold the SAIL CLOTHS in a WINDMILL.

F - [1] palette; [2] barreau

S - paleta

RUNNER

(hydr). The TURBINE wheel.

F - roue de turbine

S - rueda movil

R-VALUE

(meas). (See: RESISTANCE VALUE)

F - resistance thermique

S - valor R

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SACCHARIFICATION

(alc). A conversion process using ACIDS, BASES, or ENZYMES in which CARBOHYDRATES are broken down into FERMENTABLE SUGARS. (See also: FERMENTATION)

F - saccharification

S - sacarificacion

SAIL

(wind). A piece of cloth attached between each of the SPARS of a WINDMILL for the purpose of catching the wind. Also used to define windmill sails collectively.

F - aile

S - vela

SAIL BACK

(wind) (arc). A single SPAR that replaces the STOCK and WHIP in WINDMILLS that are fitted with iron crosses instead of POLL ENDS.

F - bras d'aile

S - barra del aspa

SAILCLOTH

(wind). Very strong cotton or canvas that may be used for SAILS on WINDMILLS.

F - toile a voile

S - lona

SAILWING WINDMILL

(wind). A WINDMILL that has a small number of cloth SAILS. Sailwing windmills are usually simple designs, and are most commonly used for water pumping.

F - moulin a volants

S - molino de viento con vela de lona

SALT

(chem). A product formed by the neutralization of an ACID by a BASE.

F - sel

S - sal

DIGESTER SYSTEM

(biocon). A BIOGAS system that combines METHANE production with facilities to dispose of human excreta. This also is an effective way to eliminate dangerous PATHOGENS.

F - systeme sanitaire/digesteur

S - sistema de saneamiento/digestor

SAVONIUS ROTOR (wind). A WIND MACHINE with a VERTICAL AXIS, often made from split oil drums. It is a DRAG-TYPE device with relatively low EFFICIENCY, but with high starting TORQUE.

F - rotor de Savonius

S - rotor Savonius

SAWDUST STOVE

(biocon). A stove designed to use sawdust as its primary fuel.

F - poele a sciure de bois

S - estufa de aserrin

SCOOP WHEEL

(wind) (arc). A vertical, cast-iron wheel with wooden BLADES or scoops that lift water from one level to another. Scoop wheels usually are driven by WINDMILLS.

F - roue a godets

S - rueda de cangilones

SCRUBBING

(biocon). [1] Removing unwanted gases from BIOGAS or PRODUCER GAS. [2] The process of removing an undesirable, and usually corrosive, component or components from a COMBUSTIBLE GAS mixture. This is done by passing the mixture upwards and counter to a stream of liquid that is capable of selectively ADSORBING the undesirable components. Gases can also be scrubbed by passing them through iron filings.

F - epuration

S - proceso de lavado

SCUM

(biocon). In BIOGAS DIGESTION, a mixture of coarse, fibrous material floating on the surface of the SLURRY. The accumulation of scum may inhibit METHANE production.

F - ecume

S - nata espumosa

SCUM CONTROL DEVICE

(biocon) (impl). A mechanism, usually some type of STIRRING device, that is used to break up the layer of SCUM that rises to the surface in a BIOGAS DIGESTER.

F - dispositif pour le controle de l'ecume

S - aparato controlador de la nata

SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

(gen). The law stating that ENERGY FLOWS from a higher CONCENTRATION to a lower concentration.

F - seconde loi de la thermodynamique

S - segunda ley termodinamica

SEED

(biocon). (See: INOCULUM)

F - germe

S - semilla

SELECTIVE SURFACE

(sol). A specially adapted surface coating for a COLLECTOR that has high SOLAR RADIATION ABSORPTANCE and low THERMAL EMITTANCE. It is used on the surface of ABSORBER PLATES to increase collector EFFICIENCY.

F - vitrage selectif

S - superficie selectiva

SELF-SUPPORTING TOWER

(wind). A TOWER, usually made of steel, which supports a WINDMILL without the use of GUY WIRES.

F - pylone autoporteur

S - torre autoportante

SENSIBLE HEAT

(heat). That heat, which, when added or subtracted, results only in a temperature change (as opposed to a chemical or other reaction).

F - chaleur sensible

S - calefaccion termosensible

SENSIBLE HEAT STORAGE

(heat). A heat storage medium in which the addition or removal of heat results only in a temperature change (as opposed to a chemical or other reaction). The storage medium often consists of water or gravel.

F - stockage de chaleur sensible

S - almacenaje termosensible

SHADING COEFFICIENT

(sol) (meas). A method for determining reductions in solar HEAT GAIN caused by certain kinds of GLAZING. It is determined by dividing the solar heat gain through a sheet of glazing under specific conditions by the solar gain through a single-color DOUBLE-GLAZING under the same conditions. The lower the number, the greater the reduction in solar heat gain.

F - coefficient de vitrage

S - coeficiente de sombra

SHEAR

(wind). Variations in horizontal WIND SPEED due to the distance of the wind from the ground. The higher the wind is above the ground, the faster it moves because of the reduced friction.

F - cisaillement

S - gradiente transversal de la velocidad del viento

SHOT CURB

(wind) (arc). (See: LIVE CURB)

F - chemin de roulement

S - reborde movil

SHROUD

(wind) (arc) (hydr). [1] A structure used to concentrate or deflect a stream of wind. [2] A deep rim partially enclosing the BUCKETS in OVERSHOT WATER WHEELS or BREAST WHEELS.

F - [1] carenage; [2] bache

S - refuerzo

SHROUDED WINDMILL

(wind) (arc). A WINDMILL with a funnel-like structure around the outside edge of the SWEPT AREA that forces wind from a larger area to pass through the BLADES.

F - eolienne carenee

S - molino de viento reforzado

SHUTTERS

(wind) (arc). Pivoting slats that are used instead of SAILCLOTH in SPRING SAILS and PATENT SAILS.

F - volets

S - hojas basculantes

SIEVE PLATE

(alc). A component of an ALCOHOL STILL COLUMN. It is one of a series of perforated plates that is used to promote the contact of liquid with vapor in the column.

F - plateau perfore

S - placa perforada

SILICON SOLAR CELL

(sol). A SOLAR CELL made with the crystalline element SILICON as part of its conductor.

F - cellule solaire a la silicone

S - celula solar de silicio

SILVICULTURAL BIOMASS

(biocon). BIOMASS from trees.

F - biomasse de sylviculture

S - biomasa de silvicultura

SINGLE-AXIS TRACKING COLLECTOR '

(sol). A SOLAR COLLECTOR that follows the path of the sun on only one AXIS.

F - capteur a poursuite du soleil autour d'un seul axe

S - colector de seguimiento monoaxial

SINGLE SHUTTERED (wind) (arc). A SAIL having SHUTTERS on only one side of the WHIP.

F - a obturation simple

S - aspa de monohoja

SITE SELECTION

(gen). The process of locating the best available site to build or place a WlND MACHINE, HYDROPOWER device, or SOLAR POWER device.

F - choix du site

S - seleccion del emplazamiento

SKY DOME

(sol). The sky above the horizon in all directions, as seen from a particular area.

F - dome du ciel

S - domo aereo

SKYLIGHT

(sol). A roof opening that is covered with GLAZING and that allows sunlight to enter a house or room.

F - lucarne

S - tragaluz

SKYSCRAPERS

(wind) (arc). (See: AIR BRAKES)

F - freins a vent

S - rascacielos

SLOPE

(hydr) (meas). A CHANNEL FLOW calculation equal to the number of feet a surface "drops" or inclines downward per 1,000 feet of horizontal distance; also expressed in meters of drop per kilometer.

F - pente

S - pendiente

SLUDGE

(biocon). Solid material that collects at the bottom of a DIGESTER.

F - boues

S - sedimentos

SLUDGE GAS

(biocon). An alternative name used for BIOGAS, particularly when the gas is produced by sewage.

F - gaz de vidange

S - gas de lodo

SLUICE

(hydr). A manmade CHANNEL or waterway to conduct water to a HYDROPOWER device. It generally has one or more adjustable gates to regulate the FLOW of water.

F - canal a vannes

S - esclusa

SLUICEWAY

(hydr). (See: SLUICE)

F - chenal d'ecluse

S - saetin

SLURRY

(biocon). The semisolid material in a BIOGAS DIGESTER consisting of BIOMASS mixed with water.

F - boue

S - fango

SMOCK MILL

(wind) (arc). The timber-framed counterpart to the TOWER MILL. The smock mill frame generally is covered with boarding to protect it from the weather.

F - moulin a calotte pivotante

S - molino a la holandesa

SMOKE CHAMBER

(heat). The section in a fireplace FLUE that is directly above the DAMPER.

F - conduite de fumee

S - camara de humo

SODIUM CARBONATE

(biocon). A BASE used to control pH (POTENTIAL HYDROGEN). It is useful in maintaining the pH balance in a BIOGAS DIGESTER, and to a somewhat lesser degree in ALCOHOL STILLS.

F - carbonate de sodium

S - carbonato de sodio

SOLAR ABSORBER

(sol). A sheet of material, usually copper, aluminum, or steel that forms the surface of a SOLAR COLLECTOR. It collects and retains SOLAR RADIATION, which is passed to a HEAT TRANSFER MEDIUM.

F - absorbeur solaire

S - absorbente solar

SOLAR ABSORPTION

(sol). The absorption of SOLAR RADIATION by a material.

F - absorption solaire

S - absorcion solar

SOLAR ALTITUDE

(sol). The sun's angle above the horizon, as measured in a vertical plane.

F- hauteur du soleil

S- altura solar

SOLAR ARCHITECTURE

(sol). (See: PASSIVE SOLAR DESIGN)

F - architecture solaire

S - arquitectura solar

SOLAR ARRAY

(sol). A group of SOLAR COLLECTORS or PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULES.

F - panneau solaire

S - conjunto solar

SOLAR AZIMUTH

(sol). The horizontal angle between the sun and due south in the northern hemisphere, or between the sun and due north in the southern hemisphere. (Syn: bearing angle)

F - azimut du soleil

S - azimut solar

SOLAR BATTERY

(sol). A BATTERY that is charged through PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS.

F - pile solaire

S - bateria solar

SOLAR CABINET DRYER

(sol). (See: SOLAR CROP DRYER)

F - chambre de sechage solaire

S - secador solar de gabinete

SOLAR CELL

(sol). (See: PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL)

F - cellule solaire

S - celula solar

SOLAR COATING

(sol). FLAT BLACK PAINT or some other ABSORPTIVE substance that is applied to the ABSORBER PLATE of a SOLAR COLLECTOR to help it absorb, rather than reflect, sunlight.

F - couche antireflet

S - revestimiento solar

SOLAR COLLECTOR

(sol). A device that gathers and accumulates SOLAR RADIATION to produce heat. Nearly all solar collectors have a layer of GLAZING on top to trap heat that has passed into the collector. Beneath the glazing is a solar ABSORBER PLATE, which transfers heat to a HEAT TRANSFER MEDIUM. The medium may be air, water, an antifreeze solution, or other substance(s).

F - capteur solaire

S - colector de radiacion solar

SOLAR COLLECTOR CONNECTIONS

(sol). Inlets and outlets leading to and from SOLAR COLLECTORS and connecting the collectors with related apparatus. In the case of water tanks that run water through collectors, there will be an outlet near the bottom of the tank and an inlet near the top of the tank. Likewise, there will be an inlet near the bottom of the collector and an outlet near the top of the collector.

F - raccordements pour capteurs

S - conexiones del colector solar

SOLAR COLLECTOR EFFICIENCY

(sol) (meas). The total SOLAR RADIATION that is incident on a COLLECTOR during a specific time period.

F - rendement radiatif

S - rendimiento del colector solar

SOLAR CONCENTRATOR

(sol). The part of a SOLAR COLLECTOR that focuses sunlight onto an ABSORBER surface.

F - concentrateur solaire

S - concentrador solar

SOLAR COOKER

(sol). A general term for the many types of SOLAR-POWERED cooking devices.

F - cuiseur solaire

S - cocina por calor solar

SOLAR COOLING

(sol). A SOLAR SYSTEM used to lower the temperature in a room or a device.

F - refroidissement solaire

S - enfriamiento solar

SOLAR CROP DRYER

(sol). An apparatus that uses SOLAR RADIATION to dry rice, grain, fruit, vegetables, or other foods.

F - sechoir solaire pour recoltes

S - secador solar para alimentos

SOLAR CROP DRYER

(sol). An apparatus that uses SOLAR RADIATION to dry rice, grain, fruit, vegetables, or other foods.

F - sechoir solaire pour recoltes

S - secador solar para alimentos

SOLAR DECLINATION

(sol). The angle of the sun north or south of the equatorial plane. It is plus if north of the plane, and minus if south of the plane.

F - declinaison solaire

S - declinacion solar

SOLAR DISH

(sol). (See: PARABOLIC DISH)

F - miroir solaire

S - reflector parabolico

SOLAR DISTILLATE

(sol). The product resulting from SOLAR DISTILLATION.

F - distillat solaire

S - destilado solar

SOLAR DISTILLATION

(sol). A process in which SOLAR ENERGY is trapped and used to evaporate impure or salty water. The water vapor CONDENSES as distilled water that can be used for drinking or for other uses.

F - distillation solaire

S - destilacion solar

SOLAR DRYER

(sol). Any device that uses SOLAR RADIATION to remove moisture from a substance. (See also: SOLAR CROP DRYER)

F - sechoir solaire

S - secador solar

SOLAR DRYING

(sol). (See: SOLAR DRYER)

F - sechage par energie solaire

S - secado por energia solar

SOLAR ELECTRICITY

(sol). Electricity that is produced from SOLAR ENERGY sources. (See also: PHOTOVOLTAIC PROCESS; PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL)

F - electricite solaire

S - electricidad solar

SOLAR ENERGY

(sol). The electromagnetic RADIATION generated by the sun. Solar energy may be converted to useful forms of ENERGY through the PHOTOVOLTAIC PROCESS, THERMAL CONVERSION, or through high temperature concentrators and COLLECTORS. Solar energy initially is usually captured in the form of heat, and is therefore best used for a variety of heating purposes. This may be done through the use of SOLAR COLLECTORS and SOLAR COOKERS. SOLAR RADIATION may also be converted directly into electrical energy through the use of PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS.

F - energie solaire

S - energia solar

SOLAR EYEBALL

(sol). A type of SOLAR CONCENTRATING COLLECTOR that uses a FRESNEL LENS to focus SOLAR RADIATION on a PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL.

F - bulbe solaire

S - foco solar

SOLAR FURNACE

(sol). A SOLAR CONCENTRATOR used to produce very high temperatures. Also a solar device used to obtain high temperatures by focusing the sun's rays onto a small receiver.

F - four solaire

S - horno solar

SOLAR GAIN

(sol). The part of a building's heat supply, or an additional load for cooling, that is provided by SOLAR RADIATION that strikes the building or passes into it through windows.

F - apport solaire

S - ganancia por la energia solar

SOLAR GRAIN DRYER

(sol). (See: SOLAR CROP DRYER)

F - sechoir solaire pour cereales

S - secador solar de granos

SOLAR GREENHOUSE

(sol). Specific greenhouse designs that take into account basic principles of PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING. Increasingly, solar greenhouses are being attached to dwellings. Excess heat from the greenhouse passes into the dwelling through air CONVECTION and THERMAL CONDUCTANCE from a mutual wall.

F - serre solaire

S - invernadero solar

SOLAR HEATING

(sol). The use of a SOLAR SYSTEM to raise the temperature in a room or a device.

F - chauffage solaire

S - calefaccion solar

SOLAR IRRADIANCE

(sol). The total amount of SOLAR RADIATION striking a given area.

F - irradiation solaire

S - irradiancia solar

SOLAR OVEN

(sol). An oven that relies on SOLAR RADIATION as its source of ENERGY.

F - four solaire

S - horno solar

SOLAR POND

(sol). A shallow body of salt water with a black or dark bottom. When incident SOLAR RADIATION penetrates the water, some of it is absorbed by the water. However, a large proportion of the radiation reaches the bottom of the pond. There it is absorbed, heating the bottom surface. The bottom surface in turn heats the water next to it, which then can be used as an ENERGY source through the use of HEAT EXCHANGERS. The pond's salinity should increase with its depth.

F - bassin solaire

S - charca solar

SOLAR POSITION

(sol). The location of the sun in the sky during the EQUINOXES, based on the latitude of the observer. Solar position is determined by the value of the SOLAR ALTITUDE and the SOLAR AZIMUTH.

F - position du soleil

S - posicion solar

SOLAR POWER

(sol). The rate at which SOLAR ENERGY falls on an area. The area is usually given in terms of the whole Earth.

F - puissance solaire

S - potencia solar

SOLAR PUMP

(sol). A pump that operates on SOLAR ENERGY, either by a PHOTOVOLTAIC process or by a thermal system in which a FLUID heated by the sun drives a TURBINE or piston that powers the pump.

F - pompe solaire

S - bomba solar

SOLAR RADIATION

(sol). RADIANT ENERGY received from the sun, from both direct exposure and diffuse or reflected sunlight.

F - rayonnement solaire

S - radiacion solar

SOLAR REFLECTOR

(sol). A device that reflects SOLAR RADIATION.

F - reflecteur solaire

S - reflector solar

SOLAR REFRIGERATION

(sol). A process in which SOLAR RADIATION is used to provide HEAT ENERGY to activate a cooling process.

F - refrigeration solaire

S - refrigeracion solar

SOLAR SALT

(sol). SALT obtained by SOLAR DISTILLATION of salt water.

F - sel solaire

S - sal solar

SOLAR SHOWER

(sol). A shower bath that uses a SOLAR WATER HEATER to provide hot water.

F - douche solaire

S - ducha solar

SOLAR SITE SELECTOR

(sol) (meas). A circular transparency, similar to a map, that is used to determine solar positions and calculate shading.

F - dispositif de selection de l'emplacement solaire

S - selector del emplazamiento solar

SOLAR SPACE HEATER

(sol). A SOLAR HEATING system that heats FLUID on a black metal surface that is under GLAZING. The heated fluid may be circulated during the day and stored at night.

F - appareil de chauffage solaire individuel

S - calentador espacial solar

SOLAR SPECTRUM

(sol). The total distribution of electromagnetic RADIATION emitted from the sun. It is usually listed minus those wavelengths that are absorbed by the atmosphere. On Earth, this amounts to about 420 trillion KILOWATT HOURS of SOLAR POWER annually.

F - spectre solaire

S - espectro solar

SOLAR STEAM COOKER

(sol). (See: INSULATED STEAM COOKER)

F - autoclave solaire

S - horno de vapor solar

SOLAR STILL

(sol). A device used for SOLAR DISTILLATION.

F - alambic solaire

S - alambique solar

SOLAR SYSTEM

(sol). Any heating, cooling, or POWER system that uses ENERGY generated by the sun.

F - systeme solaire

S - sistema solar

SOLAR WATER HEATER

(sol). A water heater that depends on RADIANT ENERGY from the sun as its source of power.

F - chauffage-eau solaire

S - calentador de agua solar

SOLIDITY

(wind) (meas). The ratio of the BLADE surface area to the SWEPT AREA of a ROTOR.

F - coefficient de solidite

S - solidez

SOLIDS RETENTION TIME

(biocon) (meas). (See: DETENTION TIME)

F - temps de retention des solides

S - periodo de retencion de los solidos

SOLID WASTE

(biocon). Waste material in a solid state, such as is found in households, commercial activities, municipal plants, etc. Many solid wastes are useful in BIOCONVERSION processes.

F - dechets solides

S - desperdicios solidos

SOLUBILIZATION

(biocon). The first of three stages in the ANAEROBIC DIGESTION of ORGANIC MATTER, in which the complex proteins, CARBOHYDRATES, CELLULOSE, fats, and oils are dissolved by ENZYMES. This HYDROLYSIS transforms the complex compounds into simple amino ACIDS, simple sugars, fatty acids, and glycerol. The simple compounds are rendered into a form that is dissolved easily and can pass through the cell walls of the acid-forming BACTERIA to be FERMENTED.

F - solubilisation

S - solubilizacion

SPARK ARRESTER

(impl). Screening, steel wool, or other porous substance(s) that is placed in the distribution pipes from a BIOGAS DIGESTER or PRODUCER GAS GENERATOR. They prevent a spark or flame from passing back up the pipe and causing an explosion.

F - pare-etincelle

S - parachispas

SPARS

(wind). The frames extending from the WIND SHAFT of a WIND MACHINE to support the SAILS.

F - bras [1]

S - [1] largueros; [2] varillaje

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

(gen). The ratio of the weight of a given volume of a substance to an equal volume of air or water at a given temperature and pressure. The specific gravity, which may be measured by a HYDROMETER, indicates the CONCENTRATION of a substance in a solution. (See also: PROOF).

F - densite

S - gravedad especifica

SPECIFIC SPEED

(hydr) (meas). The speed at which a given type of RUNNER in a TURBINE would operate if it were reduced proportionately in size to produce one HORSE-POWER under a one-foot (30.48 centimeter) HEAD. This speed or velocity is expressed in revolutions per minute. It is used to determine the proper type of turbine to install at a HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT under given conditions.

F - vitesse specifique

S - velocidad especifica

SPENT MASH

(alc). The semisolid MASH, without the ALCOHOL, following FERMENTATION and DISTILLATION.

F - residu de distillation

S - vinazas

SPENT SLURRY

(biocon). (See: EFFLUENT)

F - boue epuisee

S - fango usado

SPILLWAY

(hydr). A passage over or around a CHANNEL or DAM through which excess water may escape.

F - deversoir

S - vertedero

SPILLWAY APRON

(hydr). (See: SPILLWAY)

F - chenal du deversoir

S - paramento del vertedero

SPILLWAY CHANNEL

(hydr). (See: SPILLWAY)

F - canal du deversoir

S - canal vertedor

SPRING SAIL

(wind) (arc). A WINDMILL BLADE fitted with SHUTTERS that are controlled by springs.

F - aile a ressorts

S - aspa de resorte

SQUARE WAVE

(wind). A type of ALTERNATING CURRENT (ac), produced by low-cost, solid-state INVERTERS, which may be used for most, but not all, ac appliances.

F - onde rectangulaire

S - onda cuadrada

S-ROTOR

(wind). see: SAVONIUS ROTOR)

F - rotor de Savonius

S - rotor S

STACK

(constr). A CHIMNEY or other passageway designed to vent smoke from a stove, oven, furnace, etc.

F - corps de cheminee

S - canon

STACK EFFECT

(heat). The impulse of a heated gas to rise through a vertical passage, such as a CHIMNEY.

F - effet de cheminee

S - efecto de humero

STACK GAS

(heat). Gases resulting from combustion, which pass up a CHIMNEY.

F - gaz de cheminee

S - gases de la chimenea

STAGNATION

(sol). The condition that may be reached in a SOLAR COLLECTOR when the sun is shining on the device and no FLUID is flowing through it. The resulting high temperatures may damage the COLLECTOR.

F - stagnation

S - estancacion

STARCH

(alc) (chem). A white, tasteless, solid CARBOHYDRATE ([C.sub.6][H.sub.10][O.sub.5]). Starch is a major component of many agricultural crops, such as potatoes, grains, etc., that are used to produce GLUCOSE.

F - amidon

S - almidon

START-UP

(biocon). The process of adding INOCULUM to a BIOGAS DIGESTER so that the digester will begin to function.

F - mise en marche

S - puesta en marcha

START-UP SPEED

(wind) (meas). The WIND VELOCITY at which a WIND MACHINE begins to rotate.

F - vitesse de mise en marche

S - velocidad de puesta en marcha

STATIC HEAD

(hydr). The vertical height from the surface of a body of water to the water outlet of the DISCHARGE PIPE of a TURBINE.

F - hauteur d'elevation

S - altura de elevacion

STATIONARY PEDAL POWER UNIT

(gen). (See: PEDAL POWER)

F - appareil stationnaire d'entrainement par pedales

S - unidad de rendimiento del pedal inmovil

STEAM ENGINE

(geo) (auto). An engine in which the mechanical force of steam is used as a motive POWER to drive machinery, etc.

F - moteur A vapeur

S - motor de vapor de agua

STEAM GAS

(geo). Superheated steam that is used as an ENERGY source. Steam gas is usually obtained from GEOTHERMAL sources.

F - vapeur surchauffee

S - gas de agua

STEAM TURBINE

(gen) (geo). A TURBINE that is driven by expanding steam or gas rather then by the velocity or weight of water.

F - turbine a vapeur

S - turbina de vapor

STILL

(gen) (alc). [1] An apparatus for DISTILLATION that consists primarily of a closed vessel in which the solution to be distilled is heated. It also includes mechanisms to condense the vapor that is produced. [2] An ALCOHOL distillation unit that consists of a container to heat MASH, a DISTILLATION COLUMN to separate the water from the alcohol, and a CONDENSER to convert ALCOHOL VAPORS into liquid.

F - alambic

S - alambique

STILLAGE

(alc). A mixture of non-FERMENTABLE SOLID WASTES and water that remains in a STILL after the ALCOHOL is removed by DISTILLATION. Stillage may be used as an animal feed.

F - residus de distillation non-fermentable

S - residuos

STILL CAP

(alc). (See: BUBBLE CAP)

F - calotte de barbotage

S - casquete de alambique

STILL COLUMN

(alc) (impl). A component of an ALCOHOL STILL that is used to separate ALCOHOL from the MASH and water. The still column consists of SIEVE PLATES, BUBBLE CAPS, and a DOWNCOMER.

F - colonne de distillation

S - columna de alambique

STIRLING ENGINE

(auto). An external combustion engine in which air is alternately heated and cooled to drive a piston up and down. Hydrogen is used instead of air in some newer models. The Stirling engine may in some cases be nonpolluting and more efficient than the internal combustion engine.

F - moteur de Stirling

S - motor Stirling

STIRRING

(biocon). Agitating or mixing the SLURRY in a BIOGAS DIGESTER. Stirring helps prevent SCUM buildup and promotes METHANE production.

F - vaguage

S - agitacion

STOCK

(wind) (arc). [1] A bar that is used to support a WINDMILL SAIL. [2] A tapered SPAR that passes through the POLL END of a windmill, supporting a pair of sails. (Syn: sailstock)

F - fut

S - barra

STORAGE

(gen). (See: ENERGY STORAGE)

F - stockage

S - almacenado

STORAGE CAPACITY

(gen). The total amount of ENERGY that a system is capable of holding for use at a later time. (See also: ENERGY STORAGE)

F - capacite de stockage

S - capacidad de almacenado

STRATIFICATION

(sol). In SOLAR HEATING, temperature variations that occur in a substance or an area. The highest temperatures are found higher up and cooler temperatures are found lower down.

F - stratification

S - estratificacion

STRIKING GEAR

(wind) (arc). The mechanism used with PATENT SAILS to apply pressure to SHUTTERS. It consists of a striking rod that passes through the length of the WIND SHAFT. The rod is operated by an endless chain upon which weights are hung. The number of weights is determined by the force of the wind.

F - embrayage

S - engranaje de contacto

STRIPPING COLUMN

(alc). The section of the STILL COLUMN in which the ALCOHOL CONCENTRATION in the DISTILLATE is increased and the starting solution is decreased. (Syn: beer column)

F - colonne a desessencier

S - columna de destilacion

SUBMERGED WEIR

(hydr). An underwater obstruction that diverts water into a CHANNEL.

F - barrage immerge

S - vertedero sumergido

SUBSTRATE

(bio) (biocon). [1] The particular FEEDSTOCK component that is used by bacteria to promote their growth and metabolism. The component often is one particular compound. [2] ORGANIC MATTER that is used to generate METHANE in a BIOGAS DIGESTER. (See: SLURRY)

F - substrat

S - subestrato

SUCROSE

(alc) (chem). A FERMENTABLE SUGAR ([C.sub.12][H.sub.22][O.sub.11]) that is commonly found in nature.

F - sucrose

S - sucrosa

SUCTION ANEMOMETER

(wind) (meas). A device that measures WIND VELOCITY according to the degree of exhaust caused when the wind is blown through or across a tube.

F - anemometre a aspiration

S - anemometro de succion

SULFURIC ACID

(alc) (chem). A strong ACID that is used to increase the acidity, and thus lower the pH (POTENTIAL HYDROGEN), in an ALCOHOL STILL.

F - acide sulfurique

S - acido sulfurico

SUN ANGLE CALCULATOR

(sol) (meas). A set of transparent curves and overlays that tells where the sun is in the sky and that gives other SOLAR ALTITUDES. (See: SOLAR SITE SELECTOR)

F - calculateur d'angle solaire

S - calculador del angulo solar

SUN BASKET

(sol). A SOLAR COOKER in the shape of a deep PARABOLA. This cooker may be a woven basket lined with a reflective material.

F - panier solaire

S - cesto solar

SUN EFFECT

(sol) (meas). The amount of heat from the sun that tends to heat an enclosed space.

F - effet solaire

S - efecto solar

SUN-TEMPERING

(sol). A heating system that involves a significant daytime SOLAR GAIN and an effective distribution system, but which generally lacks a STORAGE function.

F - dispositif de repartition de l'energie solaire

S - atemperacion solar

SUN-TRACKING DEVICE

(sol) (impl). A device attached to a SOLAR COLLECTOR that automatically turns the face of the collector towards the sun.

F - dispositif de poursuite du soleil

S - dispositivo de seguimiento solar

SUPERNATANT

(biocon). The liquid portion of the SLURRY that floats above the SLUDGE in a BIOGAS DIGESTER.

F - fraction surnageante

S - sobrenatatil

SWASH PLATE

(wind). A disk set obliquely on a rotating AXIS. It acts as a CAM to convert rotational movement into up-and-down movement.

F - plateau oscillant

S - plato oscilante

SWEEP

(wind) (arc). (See: SAIL)

F - balayage

S - barrer

SWEPT AREA

(wind) (meas). The area in a plane that is perpendicular to the wind through which a WINDMILL's BLADES pass. The area is defined by the circumference of the circle formed by the rotating blades, and is one factor in determining the amount of WIND POWER available from the wind.

F - zone balayee

S - area barrida

SWING POT

(wind) (arc). A pivoting bearing that is sometimes used to support the WIND SHAFT of a WINDMILL.

F - palier pivotant

S - cojinete pivotante

SWORD POINT

(wind) (arc). The amount that a SAILCLOTH is rolled up or REEFED to reduce its exposure to the wind. This term refers to the pointed end on a reefed SAIL. (See also: REEFING)

F - prise de ris

S - punto de recogida

SYNCHRONOUS INVERTER

(elec) (wind). An electronic device that can be used with a WIND GENERATOR, to convert DIRECT CURRENT (dc) to ALTERNATING CURRENT (ac), but which must be powered by another ac source.

F - inverseur synchrone

S - convertidor sincronico