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Parent 3D Printed Adult Male Tibial Bone Models

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These 3D printed models accurately simulate bone length and diameter, external contour, cross-sectional shape, bicortical anatomy, cortical hardness, cancellous bone porosity, and microstructure, and far cortex thickness for adult, non-obese males at left tibial shaft fracture pin drilling sites for modular external fixation.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] These models feature a semi-engraved model number, gender symbol, and drilling direction arrow on the base of each model to assist with model identification and proper orientation. Each model has a vise attachment to allow the user to secure the model inside a standard vise clamp to maximize safety during simulation training.

3D Print Sample Models[edit | edit source]

For optimal print results, use brand new white PLA filament fresh out of the sealed package to 3D print each sample model.
  1. 3D print one sample Adult Male Tibial Bone Model #1 and #2.
  2. Print the quality assurance checklist below for each 3D printed sample model by clicking on the "Download PDF" button in the upper righthand corner of this screen and selecting "Layout: Landscape" option for printing.
  3. Fill out the quality assurance checklist to verify that each sample model was properly printed.
  4. Write the date of inspection and print and sign your name at the bottom of the checklist.
  5. File and save a back-up copy of the completed and signed checklist for your production and inspection records.
Quality Assurance Checklist for Adult Male Tibial Bone Models #1 and #2
# Action Meets Standard Does Not Meet Standard Does Not Meet Standard Check most appropriate response
1 Inspect the base.
The base of each model should display a semi-engraved model number, gender symbol, and two drilling direction arrows to assist with model identification and proper orientation of the simulator.
If the semi-engraved features are not visible, the model should be reprinted with the proper settings with no raft (click here to view reference screenshot) and no support material (click here to view reference screenshot).
If the base is open, the model should be reprinted with the proper settings of Bottom Layers: set to default value and not set to "0" (click here to view reference screenshot).
🔲 Meets Standard
🔲 Does Not Meet Standard
2 Inspect the top.
The top of each model should display the outer cortex and inner cancellous bone porosity and microstructure because these features provide visual fidelity to the surgical simulator.
If the inner cancellous bone features are not visible, the model should be reprinted with the proper settings of Top Layers set to "0" (click here for reference screenshot).
If there is no inner cancellous bone, the model should be reprinted with the proper Infill Density of "15%" (click here for reference screenshot).
🔲 Meets Standard
🔲 Does Not Meet Standard
3 Inspect sides.
The surface of the bone model should be smooth to provide visual and tactile fidelity of the surgical simulator.
If the bone model surface is uneven or missing material, the model should be reprinted (i) using brand new white PLA filament fresh out of the sealed package, and (ii) with the proper settings including changing print speed back to default values for the Generic PLA filament profile and reducing the layer height to 0.2 mm or less.
If the bone model surface is uneven or missing material, the model should be reprinted (i) using brand new white PLA filament fresh out of the sealed package, and (ii) with the proper settings including changing print speed back to default values for the Generic PLA filament profile and reducing the layer height to 0.2 mm or less.
🔲 Meets Standard
🔲 Does Not Meet Standard
4 Inspect the vise attachment.
The entire surface of the vise attachment should be smooth and the angled surface of the vise attachment should have no filament drooping.
If the angled surface of the vise attachment is uneven or has drooping filament, the model should be reprinted (i) using brand new white PLA filament fresh out of the sealed package, (ii) with the proper settings including changing print and fan speeds back to default values for the Generic PLA filament profile, and (iii) while reducing the layer height to 0.2 mm or less.
If any surface of the vise attachment is uneven or missing material, the model should be reprinted (i) using brand new white PLA filament fresh out of the sealed package, and (ii) with the proper settings including changing print speed back to default values for the Generic PLA filament profile and reducing the layer height to 0.2 mm or less.
🔲 Meets Standard
🔲 Does Not Meet Standard

Each model must meet standards for all the quality assurance checklist items in order to be acceptable for the Tibial Fracture Fixation skills modules.

Adult Male Tibial Bone Model # (circle one): 1 or 2

Quality Assurance Checklist Completion Date (Day-Month-Year):

Inspected By (First Name and Last Name):

Signature:

Acknowledgements[edit | edit source]

This work is funded by a grant from the Intuitive Foundation. Any research, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this work are those of the author(s), and not of the Intuitive Foundation.

References[edit | edit source]

  1. Ugochukwu EG, Ugbem LP, Ijomone OM, Ebi OT. Estimation of Maximum Tibia Length from its Measured Anthropometric Parameters in a Nigerian Population. J Forensic Sci Med [serial online] 2016 [cited 2021 Jun 27];2:222-8. Available from: https://www.jfsmonline.com/text.asp?2016/2/4/222/197928.
  2. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services  —  National Institutes of Health. Human tibia and fibula. [Internet]. Bethesda, (MD): NIH 3D Print Exchange; 2014 May 29 [cited 2021 Aug 17]. Available from: https://3dprint.nih.gov/discover/3DPX-000169.
  3. Gosman JH, Hubbell ZR, Shaw CN, Ryan TM. Development of cortical bone geometry in the human femoral and tibial diaphysis. Anat Rec (Hoboken). 2013 May;296(5):774-87. doi: 10.1002/ar.22688. Epub 2013 Mar 27. PMID: 23533061.
  4. www.prusa3d.com/file/370474/technical-data-sheet.pdf
  5. Ultimaker. Ultimaker PLA Technical Data Sheet [Internet]. Ultimaker Support. [cited 2021 July 29]. Available from: https://support.ultimaker.com/hc/en-us/articles/360011962720-UltimakerPLA-TDS.
  6. https://support.ultimaker.com/hc/en-us/articles/360011962720-Ultimaker-PLA-TDS
  7. Vian, Wei Dai and Denton, Nancy L., "Hardness Comparison of Polymer Specimens Produced with Different Processes" (2018). ASEE IL-IN Section Conference. 3. https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/aseeil-insectionconference/2018/tech/3.
  8. Society For Biomaterials 30th Annual Meeting Transactions, page 332. Femoral Cortical Wall Thickness And Hardness Evaluation. K. Calvert, L.A. Kirkpatrick, D.M. Blakemore, T.S. Johnson. Zimmer, Inc., Warsaw, IN.
  9. Meyers, M. A.; Chen, P.-Y. (2014). Biological Materials Science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-01045-1.
  10. Forrest AM, Johnson AE, inventors; Pacific Research Laboratories, Inc., assignee. Artificial bones and methods of making same. United States patent 8,210,852 B2. Date issued 2012 Jul 3.
  11. National Institutes of Health Osteoporosis and Related Bone Diseases National Resource Center. What is Bone? [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): The National Institutes of Health (NIH); 2018. [Cited 2021 Aug 17]. Available from: https://www.bones.nih.gov/health-info/bone/bone-health/what-is-bone.
  12. Maeda K, Mochizuki T, Kobayashi K, Tanifuji O, Someya K, Hokari S, Katsumi R, Morise Y, Koga H, Sakamoto M, Koga Y, Kawashima H. Cortical thickness of the tibial diaphysis reveals age- and sex-related characteristics between non-obese healthy young and elderly subjects depending on the tibial regions. J Exp Orthop. 2020 Oct 6;7(1):78. doi: 10.1186/s40634-020-00297-9. PMID: 33025285; PMCID: PMC7538524.
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