date-created: '2010-04-13'
date-updated: '2025-11-28'
manifest-author:
    name: Appropedia
    email: admin@appropedia.org
title: 'Swale Design for Watershed Management'
description: "According to United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the volume of freshwater resources is about 2.5 per cent of the total volume of water on earth. Of this freshwater, only 30 per cent is stored in the form of groundwater which accounts for 97 per cent of all freshwater potentially available for human consumption. However, much of the groundwater we rely on is slowly being depleted from underground aquifers through pumping. The overpumping of groundwater is causing water tables to fall across large areas of northern China, India, Pakistan, Iran, the Middle East, Mexico, and the western United States. Scientists have recently estimated in India that groundwater is being depleted across the country's north at a rate of 54 billion cubic meters per year."
keywords:
    - Water
    - 'watershed magement'
    - infiltration
    - swale
    - 'groundwater recharge'
    - clay
    - rocks
    - leaves
    - 'rotten wood'
    - straw
    - gravel
    - 'Groundwater recharge'
    - Swales
project-link: 'https://www.appropedia.org/Swale_Design_for_Watershed_Management'
contact:
    name: 'User:B.Sexton'
    social:
        platform: Appropedia
        user-handle: 'User:B.Sexton'
version: 206
development-stage: Designed
made: false
image: 'https://www.appropedia.org/w/images/1/15/Aframe.jpg'
license:
    documentation: CC-BY-SA-3.0
licensor:
    name: 'User:B.Sexton'
    affliation: 'Category:Queens University, Kingston'
    contact: 'https://www.appropedia.org/User:B.Sexton'
documentation-home: 'https://www.appropedia.org/Swale_Design_for_Watershed_Management'
documentation-language: en